因此,乐趣和避免痛苦是立法者所考虑的目标。
杰瑞米·边沁
功利主义伦理学说的创始人和代表人物

杰瑞米·边沁(Jeremy Bentham)是西方系统的功利主义伦理学说的创始人和代表人物,也是一位在英国近代具有显著影响的哲学家和法律改革家。

The community is a fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its members.

社会是一个虚构的团体,由被视为其成员的个人构成。

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The greatest happiness which can happen to any country is the taking of the supreme power out of the hands of the governing few and putting it into the hands of the governed many.

对于任何国家来说,最大的幸福是将最高权力从少数统治者手中收回,交到众多被统治者手中。

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The said truth is that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.

事实是,最多人的最大幸福是衡量对与错的标准。

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Every law is an infraction of liberty.

每一条法律都是对自由的侵犯。

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It is vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual.

谈论社区的利益而不了解个人的利益是徒劳的。

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大自然将人类置于两位至高无上的主宰之下,痛苦和快乐。

Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.

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最多人的最大幸福是衡量对与错的标准。

It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.

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问题不是,它们能否思考?也不是,它们能否言语?而是,它们能否受苦?

The question is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer?

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禁欲主义原则从来没有被任何生物一贯坚持过,也永远不会被如此坚持。

The principle of asceticism never was, nor ever can be, consistently pursued by any living creature.

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对最多人的最大利益是衡量对与错的标准。

It is the greatest good to the greatest number of people which is the measure of right and wrong.

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因此,乐趣和避免痛苦是立法者所考虑的目标。

Pleasures, then, and the avoidance of pains, are the ends that the legislator has in view.

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社会是一个虚构的团体,由被视为其成员的个人构成。

The community is a fictitious body, composed of the individual persons who are considered as constituting as it were its members.

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对于任何国家来说,最大的幸福是将最高权力从少数统治者手中收回,交到众多被统治者手中。

The greatest happiness which can happen to any country is the taking of the supreme power out of the hands of the governing few and putting it into the hands of the governed many.

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杰瑞米·边沁

事实是,最多人的最大幸福是衡量对与错的标准。

The said truth is that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.

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每一条法律都是对自由的侵犯。

Every law is an infraction of liberty.

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杰瑞米·边沁

谈论社区的利益而不了解个人的利益是徒劳的。

It is vain to talk of the interest of the community, without understanding what is the interest of the individual.

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 一个国家的价值,从长远来看,就是它所组成的个体的价值。

The worth of a state, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it.

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 一个人不仅可以通过他的行为对他人造成伤害,也可以通过他的不作为对他人造成伤害,无论哪种情况,他都应对他们负有道义责任。

A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction, and in either case, he is justly accountable to them for the injury.

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 在文明社会中,唯一合法行使权力来逆行对方意愿的目的,是为了防止对他人的伤害。

The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.

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 压制意见表达的特殊罪恶在于它是在剥夺人类,无论是后代还是现存的这一代;那些与这一意见不同的人,比那些持有这一意见的人更多。

The peculiar evil of silencing the expression of an opinion is that it is robbing the human race; posterity as well as the existing generation; those who dissent from the opinion, still more than those who hold it.

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 战争是一件丑陋的事情,但不是最丑陋的事情:道德和爱国情感的腐化和堕落状态认为没有什么事情值得一场战争,这要糟糕得多。

War is an ugly thing, but not the ugliest of things: the decayed and degraded state of moral and patriotic feeling which thinks that nothing is worth a war, is much worse.

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